The photoreaction undergoes a special molecular transformation to form a product that is not obtained through a thermal reaction. In recent years, the light reaction induced by visible light has been further developed. The light reaction in visible light does not require high-energy ultraviolet ...
Traditional vaccines can be divided into four types: live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, and toxoid vaccines. While many of these vaccines play an important role in controlling infectious diseases, some ...
In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the results of an addition reaction, also known as a halogenation reaction (under standard conditions), carried out after the addition of the protonic acid HX or other polar reagents to an asymmetric olefin. It was first ...
Grignard reagent, also known as Grignard compound, refers to a class of hydrocarbon-based magnesium halide organometallic compounds. The chemical formula of Grignard Reagent is R-Mg-X, where X is a halogen and R is an organic group, usually an alkyl or aryl group. Two typical examples are ...
Neurons are central nervous system (CNS) cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals through a process called neurotransmission. The anatomy of neurons is designed to receive and send messages from neighboring cells. The axonal burst sends signals, and the dendrites receive messages ...
Hydrogenation is a very common reaction in which H2 can be introduced through double or triple bonds and is widely used in both laboratory and industrial production. This reaction usually requires the presence of metal catalysts in order to carry out, in the presence of such catalysts, it is ...
Organic chemistry is a vast field that encompasses various synthetic pathways for producing complex molecules. One method is the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. This is a versatile reaction involving the condensation of carbonyl compounds and active methylene compounds to form ...
The Grignard reactions are a class of organometallic chemical reactions in which alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) are added to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone. The reaction is an important tool for carbon-carbon bond formation in organic chemistry.
In gene delivery, vectors are essential in the passage of DNA (hydrophilic, negatively charged) through cell membranes (hydrophobic, negatively charged). In addition, therapeutic efficiency also depends on the efficient delivery of DNA to the target site. Due to the many delivery barriers in the ...
