The TGF-β family (Transforming growth factor-beta family) includes members of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein), Activin, and Nodal, which play important roles in a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, extracellular ...
All-trans retinoic acid (RA, ATRA) is a pleiotropic activation factor that regulates genes associated with normal vertebrate cellular processes such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and embryonic development. Retinoic acid and the receptor proteins for which it is an ...
Sialic acid analysis is a regulatory requirement laid out in the ICH Q6B guidelines for characterisation of biopharmaceuticals. In particular, determination of relative levels of human and non-human type sialic acids (Neu5Ac/NANA and Neu5Gc/NGNA respectively) is important since some patients ...
we have noticed that in addition to monoclonal antibodies (which have little or no sialylation on their Fc portion), many more sialylated glycoproteins are regularly being developed. Examples include Fc fusion proteins, hormones (such as EPO), vaccines and clotting factors. Since sialic acids ...
Sialic acids are negatively charged monosaccharides found on the non-reducing termini of glycans.They are important for the stability and 3D conformation of glycoproteins and are involved in many biological interactions. Sialic acids often have a pivotal functional impact: for example ...
Sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) has been identified as the next click chemistry reaction owing to the balanced properties of fluoride bonding to hydrogen and sulfur (VI). SuFEx building blocks provide “connective” chemistry that will find wide utility in applications such as chemical ...
One-pot reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones is an important transformation in organic chemistry, and several common reducing agents are available for the direct conversion of carbonyl products into amines. However, many of these reagents have limitations (i.e., require significant ...
Copper-free click chemistry is an alternative approach to click chemistry that proceeds at a lower activation barrier and is free of cytotoxic transition metal catalysts.1 The absence of exogenous metal catalysts makes these reactions suitable for the in vivo applications of bioorthogonal ...
Materials featuring specially engineered porosity on the nanoscale hold significant applications across various domains such as optics, catalysis, drug delivery systems, coatings, cosmetics, bio-separation, diagnostics, gas-separation, and nanotechnology. Nanoporous materials comprise either an ...
In general terms, cultured cells require a sterile environment and a supply of nutrients for growth. In addition, the culture environment should be stable in terms of pH and temperature. Over the last 60 years, various defined basal media types have been developed and are now available ...
